Artikel
Subarachnoid hemorrhage complicated with neurogenic pulmonary edema and takotsubo cardiomyopathy
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Veröffentlicht: | 4. Juni 2012 |
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Gliederung
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Objective: Patients with poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are occasionally complicated with acute cardiopulmonary dysfunctions, particularly neurogenic pulmonary edema (NPE) and takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM). To investigate the incidence, demographics, and outcomes of SAH patients complicated with NPE and TCM (NPE-TCM) is the objective of this study.
Methods: SAH patients presenting with clinical and radiographic signs of NPE underwent transthoracic ultrasound (TUS) prospectively. Those complicated with NPE-TCM were identified from institutional database, and data was reviewed retrospectively. Whether SAH severity and aneurysm location influenced the incidence of NPE-TCM was also investigated.
Results: Among 234 SAH patients treated in 6-year-period, 16 (7%) presented with NPE. TUS revealed that 14 of them (88%) were complicated with TCM as well. All of the 14 patients with NPE-TCM sustained poor-grade SAH (Grade IV and V by the WFNS scale). Poor-grade SAH patients due to ruptured posterior circulation aneurysm showed significantly higher incidence of NPE-TCM than those with ruptured anterior circulation aneurysm (38% vs. 8%, p=0.004). Six of the 14 patients (43%) complicated with NPE-TCM were unable to undergo treatment for the ruptured aneurysm because of poor systemic condition. The remaining 8 patients were treated either surgically or endovascularly. Long-term outcomes were favorable in 5 (36%). Grade IV patients had more favorable outcomes than Grade V patients (80% vs. 11%, p=0.02).
Conclusions: TCM develops frequently in SAH patients presenting with NPE. Those with ruptured posterior circulation aneurysm have elevated risk of developing NPE-TCM. Although endovascular treatment may be preferable, optimal treatment modality remains to be evaluated.